When the New York Stock Exchange opened for trading on January 2, 1970, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was at 809 points.
It was the start of a new decade, and expectations were high.
Consumer confidence was high, the economy was strong, and NASA had just put a man on the moon only a few months prior.
America was ready to move on from the tumultuous 1960s and was looking forward to a boom in the 1970s.
But that didn’t happen.
Over the next 10 years, the US economy would suffer its most painful episode since the Great Depression.
The 1970s were hit by a nasty bout of stagflation– a period of high unemployment, high inflation, higher taxes, higher debt levels, and pitiful economic growth.
It’s one of the worst fates an economy can suffer. But it lingered in the US for years.
Inflation peaked above 10% in the 1970s. Unemployment was around 8%. ‘Underemployment’ was nearly 20%, i.e. people who wanted a full-time job but were only able to find part-time work.
And most traditional financial investments suffered too.
Bond investors were destroyed by inflation; anyone who purchased a US government 10-year Treasury in the early 1970s earned just 5.5%, well below the rate of inflation.
And the stock market produced dismal returns.
Remember– the Dow Jones Industrial Average opened in 1970 at 809 points. At the close of the decade in December 1979, the Dow was worth just 839 points– almost no gain.
And when adjusted for inflation, stock market investors LOST about 49% during the 1970s.
It was a brutal time to be an investor in mainstream assets.
But people who invested in REAL assets did quite well.
Consider farmland, for example: according to the US Department of Agriculture, the average price of US farmland in 1970 was $137 per acre.
In ten years, farmland had risen to $737 per acre– a hefty return averaging more than 14% per year.
Investors who purchased farmland with a modest amount of leverage (i.e. a 30% down payment and a bank loan for the remaining 70%) earned a 24.7% average annualized return throughout the 1970s.
And that doesn’t include what they earned from their crops either.
Beef prices more than doubled in the 1970s. Corn prices nearly tripled. Wheat prices quadrupled.
Even after adjusting for inflation, agricultural commodities and real estate produced very strong returns and were among the best performing assets of the decade.
Residential real estate, however, was a mixed bag.
In some parts of the US, residential real estate as an asset class performed very well in the 1970s.
California real estate, for example, tripled in value during the decade as the state’s population exploded.
The population in counties like El Dorado (near the state capital of Sacramento) and Santa Cruz (south of San Francisco) grew at nearly 3x the national average, and home prices soared.
But in other parts of the country, residential real estate was a dismal investment as local governments imposed rent control, limiting how much a landlord could charge.
Reduced rents meant depressed property prices. So residential real estate was a very uneven asset class.
You won’t be surprised to learn that gold and silver also generated phenomenal returns during the 1970s.
Gold opened the decade at a price of $36.56– the official US government price.
Back then the US dollar was still pegged to gold at that price. But by the end of the decade, the US dollar was officially a ‘fiat’ currency and no longer backed by gold. And that caused investors to lose confidence in the government.
As I’ve written multiple times before, it’s important to approach everything about this post-pandemic world from a position of uncertainty. We’re still trying to comprehend the long-term economic consequences of coordinated global lockdowns– the first time in the history of our species that we’ve ever done so.
And in the midst of these lockdowns, to shore up confidence in the government and financial system, policymakers cranked up the money printing presses to levels we’ve never seen before.
For example, before the pandemic the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet stood at $4.2 trillion. It had taken about 100 years to go from zero to this number. But then, because of Covid spending authorized by Congress, in just three months, the Fed’s balance sheet ballooned to $7.2 trillion.
And the balance sheet growth didn’t stop there.
It kept on going… and going… and going… all the way to a max of $8.97 trillion in April 2022. Since then, however, the Fed has actually decreased its balance sheet to $8.4 trillion and signaled that they intend to further decrease their bloated balance sheet.
Meanwhile, Congress’ appetite for spending in 2023 isn’t nearly as strong as it was in 2020 and 2021.
This stalemate could translate into another episode of falling confidence in government– an ideal environment for real assets, similar to the 1970s.
